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PEDS Exam Content

Topics for Pediatric Sub-specialty Exam and Lifelong Learning

Total Exam 150 Questions

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General – 44 Questions 29%

  • Anatomy   (9 questions)
  • Core Competency (8 questions)
    • Radiation Safety
    • Patient Safety include (DVT, antibiotic prophylaxis, opioid addiction)
    • Ultrasound Techniques
    • Radiation Safety
    • Ethics
    • Basic Statistics
  • Fluid and Electrolyte management in children (3 questions)
  • Infection & Inflammatory processes involving GU Tract             (14 questions)
    • UTI- Dx and management
      • Rx and significance of reinfection vs relapsing UTI
    • Pyelonephritis – Diagnosis and management
      • Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
      • Kidney Abscess
      • Kidney scarring –Diagnosis and associated complications
    • Henoch- Schonlein -Urologic manifestations
    • Crohn’s Disease – Urologic manifestations
    • Lichen Sclerosis- Diagnosis and treatment
    • Epididymitis Diagnosis and treatment
    • Funguria – Diagnosis and treatment
    • Balanoposthitis, Phimosis – Diagnosis and treatment
    • Pediatric Vulvovaginitis
      • Vaginal adhesions – Treatment
    • Sexual Transmitted Disease in adolescence
      • HPV vaccine
    • Antibiotic prophylaxis
    • Infections in urachal remnant and/or utricle

 

  • Trauma             (6 questions)
    • Post renal trauma follow up, HTN, imaging guidelines.
    • Testicular trauma
    • Post circumcision injury
    • Traumatic urethral stricture management
    • Penetrating trauma
  • Transplant, Preop Evaluation, Complications                             (4 questions)

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Congenital Anomalies and Embryological defects – 34 questions – 23%

  • Cloacal anomalies- common Urogenital sinus management
  • Congenital adrenal Hyperplasia
  • Cryptorchidism (anorchia)
  • Disorders of Sexual Differentiation
  • Ectopic Ureters
  • Epispadias-Exstrophy Complex
  • Epididymal and Vasal anomalies
    • Vasal agenesis- cystic fibrosis
  • Gender dysmorphia
  • Hydrocele
  • Hydroculpos (Mullerian Duct abnormalities)
  • Hypospadias
    • Enlarged prostatic utricle
  • Imperforate Anus – associated GU anomalies
  • Prune Belly Syndrome
    • Congenital megalourethra
  • Testicular torsion (neonatal and Intravaginal)
  • Renal Agenesis
  • Renal Fusion anomalies
    • Horseshoe kidneys cross fused ectopy
  • Renal cystic disease of childhood
    • Multicystic dysplastic kidneys
    • Autosomal recessive kidney disease
    • Autosomal dominant kidney disease
  • Urachal Abnormalities
  • Varicoceles
  • Vesicoureteral reflux
    • Robotic complications of VUR surgery
    • Procedures for failed reimplant or subureteric implant (late)

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Pediatric Obstructive Uropathy 20 questions (13%)

  • Antenatal Hydronephosis
    • Differential Diagnosis and treatment
    • Complications of in utero management
  • Posterior and anterior urethral valves Diagnosis and treatment
    • Vesicostomy when to do and complications of vesicostomy
  • Primary Obstructing Megaureter Diagnosis and treatment
  • UPJ obstruction Diagnosis and treatment
  • Ureteroceles – Diagnosis and treatment
    • Duplex system, management of VUR
    • Single system
  • Physiologic alterations from obstruction
    • Post-obstructive diuresis – Diagnosis and treatment
    • Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

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Neurogenic Bladder and Voiding Dysfunction 20 Questions (13%)

  • Dx –UDS assessment of Neurogenic bladder
  • Etiologies of Neurogenic bladder in children
    • Cerebral palsy
    • Diagnosis and treatment
    • Spina bifida
      • Diagnosis and treatment, prenatal risk factors
    • Spinal cord injuries
    • Diagnosis and treatment
    • Tethered Cord
  • Diagnosis and treatment
  • Pharmacologic and Surgical treatment Neurogenic bladder
    • Urodynamics interpretation
    • CIC
    • Overnight catheter drainage
    • Antimuscuranics
    • Onobotulinum Toxin
  • Bladder and Bowel dysfunction
  • Diagnosis and treatment
  • Neural Stimulation
    • Sacral Nerve stimulation
    • Percutaneous Tibial nerve stimulation
  • Management of Neurogenic Bowel
    • Bowel Irrigations
    • ACE indications and complications

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Pediatric Neoplasms/Urinary diversion 12 questions (8%)

  • Neoplasms (Benign and Malignant)  (4 questions)
    • Renal
      • Mesoblastic Nephroma
      • Wilms tumors – Diagnosis and treatment
        • Congenital anomalies associated with Wilms Tumors e.g., Deny Drash, Aniridia, Hemihypertrophy
      • Clear Cell Sarcoma of the kidney – Diagnosis and treatment
      • Rhabdoid tumor of kidney: Diagnosis and treatment
      • Tuberous sclerosis- angiomyolipoma
      • Von Hippel Landau
      • Renal cell carcinoma of childhood
    • Testicular tumors of childhood and adolescence: Diagnosis and treatment
      • Yolk sac
      • Teratoma
      • NSGC tumors in post pubertal patient
      • stromal tumors (Leydig cell tumors)
      • Adrenal rest in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
      • Epidermoid cysts
    • Rhabdomyosarcoma: Diagnosis and treatment
      • Bladder and prostate
      • spermatic cord
      • vagina (sarcoma botyroides)
  • Urinary Diversions and Augmentations   (8 questions)
    • Indications and segments used for bladder augmentation
    • Complications of augmentations
      • Rupture
      • Electrolyte and vitamin abnormalities
      • Renal Preservation
      • Bladder stones management and prevention
    • Assessment of post augment urinary incontinence
    • Complications and management of continent stomas
    • Bladder Neck reconstruction or slings with or without augmentation
    • Vesicostomy management of complications
    • Indication and complications of urinary conduits.
    • Artificial Urinary Sphincter- Indications and complications

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Endourology, Nephrology and Lap/Robotic complications –20 questions (13%)

  • Nephrolithiasis- Rx  (10 questions)
    • Percutaneous nephrolithotomy – indications and technique
    • ECSWL – indications
    • Ureteroscopy indications and technique
    • Recommended follow-up after stone removal
  • Metabolic work-up for stone disease
    • Dx and Rx based on metabolic work up
    • Heredity (genetic) causes for nephrolithiasis
  • Nephrology             (3 questions)
    • Microscopic hematuria(workup)
    • Gross hematuria of Neonate – Diagnosis and treatment
      • Hypercalciuria of infancy
      • Renal Vein thrombosis
      • Renal Artery Thrombosis
    • Proteinuria – Diagnosis and significance
    • Identification of glomerulonephritis
      • Casts- Crenated RBC
      • Post infectious GMN
    • COMMON NEPHROTOXIC MEDICATIONS in pediatrics
  • Complications of Endourology and Laparoscopy-Robotics  (7 questions)
    • Ureteral stricture post ureteroscopy – Diagnosis and treatment
    • Ureteral perforation – Diagnosis and treatment
    • PCN complications
      • Bleeding
      • Bowel perforation
      • Urinoma
    • ESWL- complications
    • Robotic and laparoscopic common complications
      • Diminished blood flow
      • Reduced urine output
      • Air embolism
      • Complications of trocar placement
      • Management of failed robotic case/urine leak/bowel injury